美国最新大学排行榜出炉 引发争议受抵制

　　<美国新闻和世界报道>杂志推出了08-09年的美国大学综合实力及各个单项的排行榜。专家认为，学生不应该根据排行榜来决定自己的选择，排行榜只应被用来作参考。和往年一样，一些反排行榜组织抨击排行榜出炉的原因是受到商业利益的驱使。

　　杂志每年推出一份美国大学综合实力及各个单项的排行榜。在最近刚刚推出的08-09年美国大学本科综合实力排行榜上，哈佛大学位列第一，排名第二到第十的大学分别是普林斯顿大学、耶鲁大学、麻省理工学院、斯坦福大学、加州理工学院、宾夕法尼亚大学、哥伦比亚大学、杜克大学以及芝加哥大学。

　　排名前四的文科学院分别是安默斯特学院、威廉姆斯学院、斯沃斯莫尔学院以及卫斯理学院；排名前四的公立大学包括加州大学伯克利分校、维吉尼亚大学、加州大学洛杉矶分校以及密西根大学。排行榜上还包括其它各门学科比如商科、物理、化学、工程学等各种五花八门的排名。

　　美国每年有很多不同的大学排行榜，不过杂志的排行榜应该算是最权威、最受学生和家长喜爱和认可的一份排名。肯尼思·特雷尔是杂志专门负责评选最佳综合大学排名的编辑。他在接受记者采访时表示，这和该杂志连续25年来对读者提供广泛和可靠的信息息息相关。

　　他说：“我们比其它任何一个排行榜起步的时间都早，而且我们提供的信息量远远超过其它的排行榜，我们搜集了数不胜数的各种数据，加以分析整理后呈现给我们的读者，所以读者非常看重我们的排名。”

　　近年来，纷纷出炉的各种大学排行榜遭到了一些教育界人士以及社会人士的大力抨击，他们认为搞大学排名是排名机构受经济利益驱使，这将对学生起到误导作用。

　　2007年，位于俄勒冈州的非营利组织维护教育组织(Education Conservancy)联合美国大约一百所高校的校长发出倡议信，敦促全国各高校校长一起拒绝填写排名调查表，也不要利用排行榜作为学校的宣传内容。

　　维护教育组织的执行总监罗伊德·撒克(Lloyd Thacker)在接受记者采访时说：“大学排行榜是大学申请和录取走向商业化的罪魁祸首，排名损害了教育的真正目的和价值，使教育系统出现了危机局面。这种排名在美国已经有30年的历史了，30年来，没有任何可衡量的数据显示这些排行榜对学生产生任何教育方面的益处；相反，排行榜对学生产生的负面影响却是不断出现。”

　　虽然社会各方对于排行榜一事各执一词，但是一些上了榜单的学校还是非常乐见这样的排名结果。在本科教学综合实力排名榜上位居第23以及在最佳公立学校上位居第二的维吉尼亚大学对学校取得的成绩感到非常骄傲。

　　维吉尼亚大学的新闻发言人卡罗尔·伍德女士(Carol Wood)在接受采访时告诉记者说：“事实上我们真的感到很高兴。我们已经连续两年取得这样的好成绩，这显示了我们要把学校办成最好大学的决心。当然，这要归功于学校的每一位教职员工和学生的努力，是他们让我们学校变成一个学习和生活的最佳场所。”

　　排行榜上的排名靠前是否对吸引学生申请学校起到了决定性作用呢？维吉尼亚大学的新闻发言人伍德女士不这样认为，她表示，学校在教育界的良好声誉才是吸引学生的关键因素。

　　她说：“我们努力让学生在就学过程中能够在教育和学术上积累丰富经验；我们学校的声誉不是建立在排名先后的顺序上的，我们的学生知道他们在我们这里能够接受到良好的教育，他们在这里接受的本科教育将对他们今后的人生产生积极的影响。”

　　杂志在对大学进行排名时主要参考了几个因素，包括同行的评估、毕业率、结业率、班级规模、录取筛选过程、学生的SAT 成绩、以及学生的高中成绩等等。该杂志编辑肯尼思·特雷尔对记者表示，虽然他们的排名是在科学分析的基础上得出的，但是学生在选择学校时应该根据自己的需要做出决定。

　　他说：“在决定上哪个学校前，学生应该只把我们的排行榜作为一种工具，我们只是鼓励学生在挑选心仪的学校前，看看该校的各种排名，然后再看看同一地区的其它学校的各项指标如何，这样学生有机会把他们感兴趣的学校进行比较，看看哪所学校最适合他们。”

　　虽然维护教育组织和其它一些机构发起了联合抵制大学排名的行动，但是据杂志编辑肯尼思·特雷尔的介绍，他们对各个高校发出的问卷调查回收率还是相当可观的，和几年前相比并没有出现减少的趋势。

　　09年最新最全美国国家级综合大学排名

Ranking	The name of university	City
国家一、二级大学排名
1	Harvard University	Cambridge, MA
2	Princeton University	Princeton, NJ
3	Yale University	New Haven, CT
4	Massachusetts Institute of Technology	Cambridge, MA
4	Stanford University	Stanford, CA
6	California Institute of Technology	Pasadena, CA
	University of Pennsylvania	Philadelphia, PA
8	Columbia University	New York, NY
	Duke University	Durham, NC
	University of Chicago	Chicago, IL
11	Dartmouth College	Hanover, NH
12	Northwestern University	Evanston, IL
	Washington University in St. Louis	St. Louis, MO
14	Cornell University	Ithaca, NY
15	Johns Hopkins University	Baltimore, MD
16	Brown University	Providence, RI
17	Rice University	Houston, TX
18	Emory University	Atlanta, GA
	University of Notre Dame	Notre Dame, IN
	Vanderbilt University	Nashville, TN
21	University of California--Berkeley	Berkeley, CA
22	Carnegie Mellon University	Pittsburgh, PA
23	Georgetown University	Washington, DC
	University of Virginia	CharlottesvilleVA
25	University of California--Los Angeles	Los Angeles, CA
26	University of Michigan--Ann Arbor	Ann Arbor, MI
27	University of Southern California	Los Angeles, CA
28	Tufts University	Medford, MA
	Wake Forest University	WinstonSalemNC
30	University of North Carolina--Chapel Hill	Chapel Hill, NC
31	Brandeis University	Waltham, MA
32	College of William and Mary	Williamsburg, VA
33	New York University	New York, NY
34	Boston College	Chestnut Hill, MA
35	Georgia Institute of Technology	Atlanta, GA
	Lehigh University	Bethlehem, PA
	University of California--San Diego	La Jolla, CA
	University of Rochester	Rochester, NY
	University of Wisconsin--Madison	Madison, WI
40	University of Illinois--Urbana-Champaign	Champaign, IL
41	Case Western Reserve University	Cleveland, OH
	Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute	Troy, NY
	University of Washington	Seattle, WA
44	University of California--Davis	Davis, CA
	University of California--Irvine	Irvine, CA
	University of California--Santa Barbara	Santa BarbaraCA
47	Pennsylvania State University--University Park	Uni Park, PA
	University of Texas--Austin	Austin, TX
49	University of Florida	Gainesville, FL
50	Yeshiva University	New York, NY
51	Tulane University	New Orleans, LA
	University of Miami	Coral Gables, FL
53	George Washington University	Washington, DC
	Syracuse University	Syracuse, NY
	University of Maryland--College Park	College Park, MD
56	Ohio State University--Columbus	Columbus, OH
	Pepperdine University	Malibu, CA
58	University of Georgia	Athens, GA
	University of Pittsburgh	Pittsburgh, PA
60	Boston University	Boston, MA
61	Clemson University	Clemson, SC
	Fordham University	New York, NY
	University of Minnesota--Twin Cities	Minneapolis, MN
64	Rutgersthe State Uni of New Jersey-New Brunswick	Piscataway, NJ
	Texas A&M University--College Station	College St TX
66	Miami University--Oxford	Oxford, OH
	Purdue University--West Lafayette	West Lafayette,IN
	Southern Methodist University	Dallas, TX
	University of Connecticut	Storrs, CT
	University of Iowa	Iowa City, IA
71	Indiana University--Bloomington	Bloomington, IN
	Michigan State University	East Lansing, MI
	University of Delaware	Newark, DE
	Virginia Tech	Blacksburg, VA
	Worcester Polytechnic Institute	Worcester, MA
76	Baylor University	Waco, TX
77	Marquette University	Milwaukee, WI
	SUNY--Binghamton	Binghamton, NY
	University of Colorado--Boulder	Boulder, CO
80	Clark University	Worcester, MA
	Colorado School of Mines	Golden, CO
	St. Louis University	St. Louis, MO
83	American University	Washington, DC
	North Carolina State University--Raleigh	Raleigh, NC
	SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry	Syracuse, NY
	Stevens Institute of Technology	Hoboken, NJ
	University of Alabama	Tuscaloosa, AL
	University of Tulsa	Tulsa, OK
89	Drexel University	Philadelphia, PA
	Iowa State University	Ames, IA
	University of California--Riverside	Riverside, CA
	University of Denver	Denver, CO
	University of Kansas	Lawrence, KS
	University of Nebraska--Lincoln	Lincoln, NE
	University of Vermont	Burlington, VT
96	Auburn University	Auburn U, AL
	Northeastern University	Boston, MA
	SUNY--Stony Brook	Stony Brook, NY
	University of Arizona	Tucson, AZ
	University of California--Santa Cruz	Santa Cruz, CA
	University of Missouri--Columbia	Columbia, MO
102	Florida State University	Tallahassee, FL
	Howard University	Washington, DC
	Illinois Institute of Technology	Chicago, IL
	University of Massachusetts--Amherst	Amherst, MA
	University of San Diego	San Diego, CA
	University of the Pacific	Stockton, CA
	University of Dayton	Dayton, OH
108	University of Oklahoma	Norman, OK
	University of Oregon	Eugene, OR
	University of South Carolina--Columbia	Columbia, SC
	University of Tennessee	Knoxville, TN
113	Brigham Young University--Provo	Provo, UT
	Texas Christian University	Fort Worth, TX
	University of New Hampshire	Durham, NH
116	Catholic University of America	Washington, DC
	Loyola University Chicago	Chicago, IL
	Ohio University	Athens, OH
	University of Kentucky	Lexington, KY
	Washington State University	Pullman, WA
121	Arizona State University	Tempe, AZ
	Clarkson University	Potsdam, NY
	Michigan Technological University	Houghton, MI
	University at Buffalo--SUNY	Buffalo, NY
125	Colorado State University	Fort Collins, CO
	University of Arkansas	Fayetteville, AR
127	New Jersey Institute of Technology	Newark, NJ
	University of San Francisco	SanFranciscoCA
	University of Utah	Salt Lake City, UT
130	Duquesne University	Pittsburgh, PA
	Kansas State University	Manhattan, KS
	Louisiana State University--Baton Rouge	Baton Rouge, LA
	Samford University	Birmingham, AL
国家三级大学（共63所，排名131-193），排名不分先后，按字母顺序排列
131	Adelphi University	Garden City, NY
132	Andrews University	Berrien Springs, MI
133	Azusa Pacific University	Azusa, CA
134	Ball State University	Muncie, IN
135	Bowling Green State University	Bowling Green, OH
136	DePaul University	Chicago, IL
137	Florida Institute of Technology	Melbourne, FL
138	George Mason University	Fairfax, VA
139	Hofstra University	Hempstead, NY
140	Illinois State University	Normal, IL
141	Kent State University	Kent, OH
142	Mississippi State University	Mississippi State, MS
143	Missouri University of Science & Technology	Rolla, MO
144	Montana State University	Bozeman, MT
145	New School	New York, NY
146	North Dakota State University	Fargo, ND
147	Oklahoma State University	Stillwater, OK
148	Old Dominion University	Norfolk, VA
149	Oregon State University	Corvallis, OR
150	Pace University	New York, NY
151	Pacific University	Forest Grove, OR
152	Polytechnic University	Brooklyn, NY
153	Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey--Newark	Newark, NJ
154	SUNY--Albany	Albany, NY
155	Seton Hall University	South Orange, NJ
156	South Carolina State University	Orangeburg, SC
157	Southern Illinois University--Carbondale	Carbondale, IL
158	St. John's University	Queens, NY
159	Temple University	Philadelphia, PA
160	Texas Tech University	Lubbock, TX
161	University of Alabama--Birmingham	Birmingham, AL
162	University of Alabama--Huntsville	Huntsville, AL
163	University of Central Florida	Orlando, FL
164	University of Cincinnati	Cincinnati, OH
165	University of Colorado--Denver	Denver, CO
166	University of Hawaii--Manoa	Honolulu, HI
167	University of Idaho	Moscow, ID
168	University of Illinois--Chicago	Chicago, IL
169	University of La Verne	La Verne, CA
170	University of Louisville	Louisville, KY
171	University of Maine	Orono, ME
172	University of Maryland--Baltimore County	Baltimore, MD
173	University of Massachusetts--Lowell	Lowell, MA
174	University of Mississippi	University, MS
175	University of Missouri--Kansas City	Kansas City, MO
176	University of Montana	Missoula, MT
177	University of Nevada--Reno	Reno, NV
178	University of New Mexico	Albuquerque, NM
179	University of North Carolina--Charlotte	Charlotte, NC
180	University of North Carolina--Greensboro	Greensboro, NC
181	University of North Dakota	Grand Forks, ND
182	University of Rhode Island	Kingston, RI
183	University of South Dakota	Vermillion, SD
184	University of South Florida	Tampa, FL
185	University of Southern Mississippi	Hattiesburg, MS
186	University of St. Thomas	St. Paul, MN
187	University of Texas--Dallas	Richardson, TX
188	University of Wyoming	Laramie, WY
189	Utah State University	Logan, UT
190	Virginia Commonwealth University	Richmond, VA
191	West Virginia University	Morgantown, WV
192	Western Michigan University	Kalamazoo, MI
193	Widener University	Chester, PA
国家四级大学（共所，排名194-258），排名不分先后，按字母顺序排列
194	Barry University	Miami Shores, FL
195	Biola University	La Mirada, CA
196	Central Michigan University	Mount Pleasant, MI
197	Clark Atlanta University	Atlanta, GA
198	Cleveland State University	Cleveland, OH
199	East Carolina University	Greenville, NC
200	East Tennessee State University	Johnson City, TN
201	Florida A&M University	Tallahassee, FL
202	Florida Atlantic University	Boca Raton, FL
203	Florida International University	Miami, FL
204	George Fox University	Newberg, OR
205	George Fox University	Newberg, OR
206	Georgia Southern University	Statesboro, GA
207	Georgia State University	Atlanta, GA
208	Golden Gate University	San Francisco, CA
209	Idaho State University	Pocatello, ID
210	Immaculata University	Immaculata, PA
211	Indiana State University	Terre Haute, IN
212	Indiana University of Pennsylvania	Indiana, PA
213	Indiana University-Purdue University--Indianapolis	Indianapolis, IN
214	Jackson State University	Jackson, MS
215	Long Island University--C.W. Post Campus	Brookville, NY
216	Louisiana Tech University	Ruston, LA
217	Morgan State University	Baltimore, MD
218	New Mexico State University	Las Cruces, NM
219	North Carolina A&T State University	Greensboro, NC
220	Northern Arizona University	Flagstaff, AZ
221	Northern Illinois University	DeKalb, IL
222	Nova Southeastern University	Ft. Lauderdale, FL
223	Oakland University	Rochester, MI
224	Oral Roberts University	Tulsa, OK
225	Portland State University	Portland, OR
226	Regent University	Virginia Beach, VA
227	San Diego State University	San Diego, CA
228	South Dakota State University	Brookings, SD
229	Spalding University	Louisville, KY
230	St. Mary's University of Minnesota	Winona, MN
231	Tennessee State University	Nashville, TN
232	Texas A&M University--Commerce	Commerce, TX
233	Texas A&M University--Kingsville	Kingsville, TX
234	Texas Woman's University	Denton, TX
235	Trevecca Nazarene University	Nashville, TN
236	Trinity International University	Deerfield, IL
237	University of Akron	Akron, OH
238	University of Alaska--Fairbanks	Fairbanks, AK
239	University of Arkansas--Little Rock	Little Rock, AR
240	University of Bridgeport	Bridgeport, CT
241	University of Hartford	West Hartford, CT
242	University of Houston	Houston, TX
243	University of Louisiana--Lafayette	Lafayette, LA
244	University of Massachusetts--Boston	Boston, MA
245	University of Memphis	Memphis, TN
246	University of Missouri--St. Louis	St. Louis, MO
247	University of Nevada--Las Vegas	Las Vegas, NV
248	University of New Orleans	New Orleans, LA
249	University of North Texas	Denton, TX
250	University of Northern Colorado	Greeley, CO
251	University of Texas--Arlington	Arlington, TX
252	University of Texas--El Paso	El Paso, TX
253	University of Toledo	Toledo, OH
254	University of West Florida	Pensacola, FL
255	University of Wisconsin--Milwaukee	Milwaukee, WI
256	Wayne State University	Detroit, MI
257	Wichita State University	Wichita, KS
258	Wright State University	Dayton, OH